Achieved Status Versus Ascribed Status in Sociology

Status is a term that is used often in sociology. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of status, achieved status and ascribed status. Each can refer to ones position, or role, within a social system—child, parent, pupil, playmate, etc.—or to ones economic or social position within that status.   Individuals usually hold multiple statuses at any given time—lawyers, say, who happen to devote most of their time to pro bono work instead of rising through the ranks at a prestigious law firm. Status is important sociologically because we attach to ones position a certain set of  presumed  rights, as well as presumed obligations and expectations for certain behaviors. Achieved Status An achieved status is one that is acquired on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen and reflects a persons skills, abilities, and efforts. Being a professional athlete, for example, is an achieved status, as is being a lawyer, college professor, or even a criminal. Ascribed Status An ascribed status, on the other hand, is beyond an individuals control. It is not earned, but rather is something people are either born with or had no control over. Examples of ascribed status include sex, race, and age. Children usually have more ascribed statuses than adults, since they do not usually have a choice in most matters. A familys social status or socioeconomic status, for instance, would be an achieved status for adults, but an ascribed status for children. Homelessness might also be another example. For adults, homelessness often comes by way of achieving, or rather not achieving, something. For children, however, homelessness is not something they have any control over. Their economic status, or lack thereof, is entirely dependent on their parents actions. Mixed-Status The line between achieved status and ascribed status is not always black and white. There are many statuses that can be considered a mixture of achievement and ascription. Parenthood, for one. According to the latest numbers gathered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 50 percent of pregnancies in the U.S. are unplanned, which makes parenthood for those people an ascribed status. Then there are people who achieve a certain status because of an ascribed status. Take Kim Kardashian, for example, probably the most famous  reality television celebrity in the world. Many people might argue that she would never have achieved that status if she had not come from a wealthy family, which is her ascribed status.  Ã‚   Status Obligations Probably the greatest set of obligations are conferred upon the status of parenthood.  First, there are biological obligations: Mothers are expected to care for themselves and their unborn child (or children, in the case of twins, etc.) by abstaining for any activity that could cause either of them harm. Once a child is born, a host of legal, social, and economic obligations kick in, all with the purpose of ensuring that parents act in a responsible manner toward their children. Then there are professional status obligations, like doctors and lawyers whose vocations bind them to certain oaths governing their client relationships. And socioeconomic status obligates those who have achieved a certain high level of economic status to contribute portions of their wealth to help the less fortunate in society.

Examples Of Epic Heroes - 888 Words

Has anyone in your life made a life changing impact on you? Perhaps a hero? There are many types of heroes including old heroes, New heroes, and heroes in stories. The best of the heroes are the epic heroes. Epic heroes are people who are admired for great achievements or affect a grand event. Beowulf is one of those well known epic heros that was a well known hero to the gates. He was a warrior and showed characteristics such as loyalty, generosity, and bravery. These characteristics is which makes him a hero. He wants to help people and can always be trusted. His country and people depended on him and his actions to protect them. Just like American soldiers today protect our country. That is who I believe to be our best epic heroes†¦show more content†¦Then he would realizes what he was over there to do and that was to fulfill his promise of protecting his country. Everybody has fear only heros know how to deal with it, therefore becoming fearless. My epic hero and Beowul f would both walk into any battle risking their lives for their people. Beowulf is a very courageous man as well as an American soldier. Beowulf is a very brave and courageous person. His actions toward the monster Grendel that was terrorizing the Danes show that he is willing to help others. In an epic it is usually found that the hero often determines the fate of a nation or group of people. Beowulf has definitely helped the Danes and his own people the Geats in their triumph over evil by killing Grendel his mom and the dragon. American soldiers that is a medic on the field. They have to be full of courage. They go out saving their mens lives that have been injured with very little protection for themselves. A medic gets the call that there is a man down. He is running towards the bullets and fighting, when most normal people would be running away. There bullets flying past his head, bombs dropping everywhere, and he is trying to save a mans live. The medic finally makes it to the bunker where the man is lying. The man is screaming in pain while the me dic is calm, relaxed, and focused. How does a man do such a thing? Well only a Epic hero who is very courages can. Finally, heros such as Beowulf and American soldiers areShow MoreRelatedEssay On Selflessness In Beowulf783 Words   |  4 Pagesare no heroes and no monsters in this world. Only children should be allowed to use these words† ― Alfred de Vigny, from Stello. As opposed to Alfred de Vigny’s statement claiming that there are no heroes or monsters in the modern world, I believe that certain qualities which are extremely ubiquitous in modern society as well as in the epic poem Beowulf, align completely with the archetype of an epic hero, these qualities being selflessness, generosity, and bravery. The traits of epic heroes are glorifiedRead MoreEssay on The Epic Hero Archetype in Films, and Literature850 Words   |  4 PagesPotter magic, epic heroes continue in every form of today’s entertainment and storytelling. Every culture from the beginning has had their own tales of heroes accomplishing great feats that no one else could. An epic hero is an icon for everyone to relate to, they symbolize different lessons to learn. The epic hero archetype exists as a source of entertainment but also as a demonstrative tool. Their morals and actions are there to help shape our own actions in life. The archetype of an epic hero is unchanging;Read MoreThe Legacy and Legend of King Arthur and Heroes of Epic Poems: A Comparative Analysis734 Words   |  3 Pagesthe myriad heroes that came before him in ancient times. These heroes include the likes of Achilles, Gilgamesh, and Beowulf. However, principally due to the fact that King Arthur and his exploits are decidedly more modern th an those of the aforementioned heroes, there are certain points of variance between his characterization and deeds and those of the figures that existed in ancient times. Therefore, it is accurate to say that Arthur retained many of the qualities endemic to heroes that precededRead MoreEssay An Epic Odyssey1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe stories of epic heroes remain important to many cultures, the Greeks in particular. These tales of heroic men not only entertain, but they teach people about morals and values that most epic heroes exemplify, such as intelligence and bravery. To be an epic hero, characters are usually highly born, favored by the gods, perform great deeds, and have flaws. These tales are told in heightened style and occur in grand settings. Odysseus, the King of Ithaca, meets these traits and is considered a primeRead MoreComparing Beowulf, The Wanderer, And The 13th Warrior1731 Words   |  7 Pagesreappears is What is an epic hero? Or better yet an epic hero in Ang lo Saxon culture. I believe there is more to being a hero than just being strong or intelligent. An epic hero in my eyes is oneself who comes to portray the beliefs of the society in which the tale/story is depicted. A few great examples of the Anglo Saxon epic hero are the literary characters in Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The 13th Warrior. These are all outstanding examples of Anglo-Saxon epic heroes because they all came toRead MoreThe Ramayana As A Hero Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesIndian heroic society takes the ideas of heroism, with specific focus on the epic poem ‘The Ramayana’. Along with the examining of the major characterstics of heroic archetypes, specifically the hero who works with a partner or companion, the hero who works alone and the figure of the hero who plays a background role in the context of the epic, there will also be a brief focus on the importance of the ability of heroes to work as a team, even when they may not necessarily be used to do ing so. OtherRead MoreThe Epic Of Epic Heroes984 Words   |  4 PagesIn terms of epic poetry, the word â€Å"epic† depicts a lengthy poem containing heroic events (Hirsch 1). For one to be classified as a hero, one must display certain qualities and experience events that prove a character’s heroic potentials. Epic heroes are somewhat similar to superheroes, yet they are also different. Like epic heroes, superheroes endeavor challenging events to protect civilians and defeat villains. While the two types of heroes are broadly alike, epic heroes are generally an evidentRead MoreOdysseus vs. Gilgamesh Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe epic poems The Odyssey, written by Homer, and Gilgamesh, translated by David Ferry, feature the struggles and triumphs of two epic heroes, Odysseus and Gilgamesh. Epic heroes exemplify six common traits. They are all strong fighters, complete with physical beauty and intimidation. The epic hero is dangerous yet protects ordinary people. There is always an encounter with death and the cosmos. They are superhuman, but they are not supernatural, although they come in contact with the supernaturalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh And Odyssey Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesmisogyny into stone. There are some exceptional cases in the famous epic poems, the Epic of Gilgamesh of the Sumerians and Akkadians and the Odyssey from Homer of the Greeks. We all can agree that these epic poems or at most the authors did not view women with our modern perspective – equality among gender. However, we cannot deny that female characters helped set the path of the epic heroes’ journey to their goals. In these epic poems, women are portrayed as figures and themes of knowledge, motherhoodRead MoreGilgamesh704 Words   |  3 Pages2016 Essay #1 Epic heroism usually denotes to an individual of highest social class such as great kings or leaders. Epic heroes are outstanding fighters, sometimes carrying some divine powers. To show his heroic elements, the hero must confront some supernatural enemies, quests, war, or adversity. The Epic of Gilgamesh depicts most of these characteristics of epic heroism. The description about his birth to the journey and adventures in his life meets the characteristics of an epic hero. Although

Personal Skills Development in Curriculum †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Personal Skills Development in Curriculum. Answer: Introduction: Managing the business is not an easy task and the manager needs to possess various skills which will guide him in the operations of the business. There are many business skills that a manager should possess. These skills include skills like problem solving, decision making, management of people, leadership skills and financial management skills (Raven and Le 2015 pp. 622-641). The given essay will be highlighting two relevant skills for discussion. The chosen skills are decision making skills and Financial Management skills. The importance of possessing these skills will be identified along with examples. The steps which universities can take to ensure that the students are ready to face the business environment with respect to the skills have been discussed. Decision making skills require mental abilities to focus on both cognitive and creative aspects the given business skill is a critical one where it allowed the key decision makers to analyze the various choices available to them and to make a single choice. This single choice which is to be made needs to be the one that is best (Bailey 2014). This chosen alternative must have the ability to help the organization in fulfilling its goals along with helping the customers to achieve their short term objectives. In a business, the dynamic environment is not easy to judge and this is the reason why it becomes extremely difficult to survive without testing for the current option. The problem solving skill helps an individual to make quick decisions with positive impacts. Decision making is not a department oriented aspect. It is essential to implement effective decision making in almost all departments of the organization from marketing and sales, human resource and even the top management (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). In the discussed fields, decision making can be applied in cases where the company is faced by two options and the company can only make one choice as the resources are constraint. This option may be available in cases of a marketing alternative which is to be chosen for the benefit of the firm. Universities are a storehouse of knowledge for all its students and it is their duty to see to it that, the students are efficient in decision making. For this purpose they could be provided training in the following. Firstly, they could help them in developing communication skills. The universities can arrange value oriented classes for the students that help them to improve their language skills. The brain in order to remain active, needs to be put on to charge and thus the universities can provide situations to the students in form of role plays here such skills are developed. Secondly, the pros and cons method can be applied. They need to be taught to estimate and evaluate the pros and co ns of every decision. This method serves as an easy method to evaluate the effectiveness of an option and invest in a particular venture. Lastly, The Universities can also plan accordingly and help the students to improve their experience by making them meet people from senior posts or ex students to clearly help them to focus on their need. By following these guidelines, the universities can prepare their students for the professional world. In the corporate world, the manager is faced by many situations which require decision making and this will help them in that. The second skill being discusses is the Financial skills. Knowledge of finance helps the individual to manage and assess the success and running of the business organization. Finance is often known as the bloodline of the organization and the financial statements often provide a true picture of the organization (Gammie, Gammie, and Cargill 2012 pp. 63-67). The financial skills help the individuals by providing them the performance of then firm in different fields. The financial management skills include skills like analytical problem solving and management experience. For instance, when an individual is analyzing the performance of a company, instead of going though the extended activity, the firm can simply scan the statements in various parameters like ratios, Return in Investments and others, the ratio include Liquidity Ratio, quick ratio, profitability ratio and Interest coverage ratio. Financial skills go a long way in the department of accounting and finance. Accounts and finance are primarily concerned with the management of funds in a business and this aspect is a risky one therefore, if an individual has appropriate financial facilities, then he will not be facing any difficulties in the strategic goals as well as routine work related to the accounts and the finance department (Griffin and Pustay 2012). The University can inculcate various strategies to see to it that the students obtain adequate financial skills which will be better for his personality development. Firstly, the university can organize various classes which will help the students to understand the basic concepts in finance such as the basic terms of accounting, the golden rules, asset management, financial ratios and others (Brigham and Ehrhardt2013). This will go a long way in helping the students to analyze their own venture of their organization when the need arises. Secondly, it is importan t to understand that just providing theoretical knowledge is not enough. It is necessary for the university to see to it that the university engages in activities, with the help of which the students can actually carry out financial analysis on various companies (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). It can conduct company visits and provide the students with the opportunity to talk to the real financial managers. This shall help the students to experience real world corporate environment. Lastly, in order to test the skills of the students, the university can conduct many tests to check whether the knowledge application of the student is adequate or not (Fischhoff 2013). One of the methods of conducting this is providing financial statements of companies to the students and testing whether they will be able to solve or analyze the statements or not. In the corporate world, this will help an individual to analyze the prospective of a project and test the viability of it and to test the finan cial capability of an opportunity. Therefore it can be stated that undertaking business operations is not an easy task and the business needs to keep in mind the skills of the owners. The two primary skills being discussed in the given section are skills related to Decision making and financial management. Both these skills are extremely critical to attain and sustain. The decision making skills help an individual to choose between the varying objectives and select the best one. The second skill chosen was related to finance whereby the skill sets help as an accountant, a manager and an investor to make a judgment about the organization and its performance. References Bailey, Janet L. "Non-technical skills for success in a technical world."International Journal of Business and Social Science5, no. 4 (2014). Brigham, Eugene F., and Michael C. Ehrhardt.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning, 2013. Ferrell, Odies C., and John Fraedrich.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education, 2015. Fischhoff, Baruch. "Judgment and decision making." InJudgment and Decision Making, pp. 19-38. Routledge, 2013. Gammie, Bob, Elizabeth Gammie, and Erica Cargill. "Personal skills development in the accounting curriculum."Accounting Education11, no. 1 (2012): 63-78. Griffin, Ricky W., and Mike W. Pustay.International business. Pearson Higher Ed, 2012. Raven, Peter, and Quan V. Le. "Teaching business skills to women: Impact of business training on womens microenterprise owners in Vietnam."International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research21, no. 4 (2015): 622-641. Sekaran, Uma, and Roger Bougie.Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons, 2016.

What does it mean for items to be thematically linked Essay Example

What does it mean for items to be thematically linked Paper It has been suggested that people tend to use a variety of specific strategies when performing a range of cognitive tasks. Cognitive tasks may require the thinker to use a number of different types of strategies whilst performing the following types of mental activities such as thinking, reasoning, categorisation, induction, conceptual combination, metaphor and analogies. In addition to this point the thinker may depend on or select one of many different strategies in order to achieve the cognitive task at hand. Two examples of the different types of strategies used by adults when performing cognitive tasks such as categorisation might include comparison or integration. It has been suggested by some that people tend to compare for similarity amongst taxonomically related items, where as they integrate knowledge about the items when they are thematically linked (Wisniewski Bassok, 1999). Since the brain is responsible for processing both thematic and taxonomic categories then it might depend on the problem (variations in stimuli and task instructions) being faced by the thinker as to what strategy the brain selects to solve the problem. Many cognitive theorists are interested in the mental processes involved in how people organise their knowledge of concepts in order to make efficient use of them in the future. This may be why concepts have been considered by some to be the building blocks of knowledge. Furthermore concepts might become the categories into which our mind classifies perceptions (Lakoff, 1987 [], Lamberts Shanks, 1997 [1]). However concepts in order to belong to a category need to be processed according to related features of the new item (concept) as well as existing concepts within a category. We will write a custom essay sample on What does it mean for items to be thematically linked specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What does it mean for items to be thematically linked specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What does it mean for items to be thematically linked specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore an item might be assessed according to associations with other category items. Theorists who are interested is these associations have proposed that items can be assigned to categories by way of thematic links or taxonomic links. In order to understand this view it would seem necessary to clarify the distinctions between thematic and taxonomic relations in an attempt to understand why people might tend to draw upon these different strategies whilst judging whether two or more items are related. But what are the conditions that induce such thematic links to take place? The former question is one that has remained the focus of a great deal of research within the areas of conceptual and categorical research. Until recently it was thought that children predominantly relied upon thematic relations when faced with a sorting task and that adults instead used taxonomic relations when faced with the same task. In particular two influential theorists, Inhelder and Piaget (1964 [3]) used methods like object sorting tasks to investigate conceptual development. Object sorting tasks involve the presentation of an array of objects with differing shape, size, colour and type, of which the participant must sort into coherent groups. Studies varied in the type of objects used and the instructions given to participants for example participants might be instructed to put things that go together or to put things that are alike together. Most frequently it was found that children up until the age of eight years old tended to sort items according to thematic relations. Where as beyond the age of eight similarity and taxonomic category relations tended to be the strategy used for sorting (Markman 1981, 1983 [1]). Since many past studies seemed to highlight that children heavily utilised thematic relations whilst developing categories and organising their knowledge which has also been considered as a judgement error, an important question now remains as to whether adults continue to make judgment errors through their use of thematic relations when making conceptual judgments (Lin, 1996 Markman 1989) and if so then what is the reason why this occurs? Ultimately is it an error at all? This essay intends to clarify some of the prior notions by providing evidence from a number of different studies, which have highlighted that adults do tend to make use of thematic links whilst performing cognitive tasks. To begin with contained within this essay will follow an explanation of what it means for items to be thematically linked. In particular this essay will pay attention to the cognitive task of categorisation, which involves judging whether concepts belong within the same category. Ultimately the work of Lin and Murphy in their series of ten studies will be discussed along side the work of Wisneiwski and Bassok in their series of three studies. Both studies have been chosen in order to highlight two interesting opinions regarding the nature of thematic relations used by adult thinkers. A person whilst performing a cognitive task such as categorisation could use a variety of strategies such as to distinguish an items similarity as a basis for determining whether two or more items belong within the same category. Alternatively a person (adult thinker) could utilize a strategy known as integration (Wisniewski Bassok 1999). Within the idea of integration the categoriser may concentrate on some features as well as ignoring others. For example when categorizing two objects one might pay attention to features like having different yet complementary roles within the same event or scene which is considered necessary for thematic linking whilst ignoring that they do not share a common property which is considered to be useful for linking items taxonomically. Hence a common feature that distinguishes a taxonomic category from a thematic category is that a taxonomy has a hierarchical structure, where as a thematic category does not. This structure contains groups of items of the same kind; therefore the members share a common feature or purpose. In addition to this a taxonomy may have a general subject matter such as natural kinds, artefacts or artificially constructed stimuli and this subject matter might consist of a stable structure of members ranging from specialist (super-ordinate), followed by basic to not so well known (sub-ordinate) examples. However a category might also or instead be thematically related; this knowledge usually becomes evident if a concept is taxonomically unrelated. For instance, when a person considers two or more items such as objects, people and other entities that co-occur or interact together in space and time, they could pay attention to the way in which the two items complement each other within a particular scene or event whilst ignoring whether the items share any common properties through class inclusion in other words taxonomic relations. To illustrate the former point: two items such as, chalk and board could be said to share a thematic relation, as they both tend to be used with a classroom. Where as they do not seem to share a taxonomic relation for instance they are not of the same kind nor do they share any common properties. Wisniewski and Bassok highlighted a similar idea within their paper entitled what makes a man similar to a tie. In line with the prior example it could be argued that a man is not similar to a tie (the items man and tie do not share a taxonomic relation) as a man is a human and a tie is not, a tie is made out of material and a man is not and so on. Thus if one were to consider that a man might wear a tie or that a tie signifies masculinity then based upon that thought one might consider a man similar to a tie through a thematic relation. As mentioned earlier the general assumption within the research on adults use of concepts is that they tend to use taxonomic relations as a way of distinguishing two or more items. It has since been argued that one of the reasons for this might lie within the design of the studies used to test categorisation strategies. Further to this it has also been proposed by Lin and Murphy that older children and adults might not commonly use similarity but might instead utilise thematic relations as a basis for categorisation. Therefore it might be that both adults and children do make use of thematic relations when making conceptual judgements. Could it be that the characteristics of the stimuli being considered by the thinker seem to act as a prerequisite for the process to be used regardless of age? In line with this suggestion is another view provided by Wisniewski and Bassok: Often in daily life people are not given task instructions but rather, processing is determined by properties of the stimuli around them. Therefore Wisniewski and Bassok might argue that when an adult is considering the properties of two or more stimuli they might ask themselves a number of questions like what makes an item similar to another and what sets it apart from another item? For instance a person (adult) when performing th e task of moving house might methodically sort out the things that they are going to take with them in order to make the process of unpacking easier later down the line. The logic applied to this scenario of sorting might differ from person to person depending on the strategy selected at the time by the categoriser. In this example the thinker might assess the items in terms of features like whether they look similar therefore grouping only those items that could be considered as looking the same whilst excluding items with similar uses. Where as another person might assess the items in terms of whether they are used within the same environment. For example knives despite having several uses might go in a box with many other kitchen items, as they tend to be stored within the kitchen environment. Forks might also be packed alongside knives as they too are found within the kitchen and also tend to be used with a knife during the event of eating dinner. Furthermore knives and forks are thematically linked within the event of an eating situation which usually takes place within a kitchen therefore they are not only found but also used within then kitche n. One of the few experiments conducted specifically to look at the issue of whether adults tend to prefer to choose thematically related concepts to form a category even when a taxonomic alternative exists was carried out by Lin and Murphy. In Lin and Murphys series of experiments they used a forced choice category construction tasks to investigate the prior notion. The tasks involved presenting participants with a triad of item names that referred to people, objects and events. At the top of the triangle was the target item, below that were the two other items; one of which was a thematic match and the other the taxonomic match. The participant had to choose which items goes best with the target to form a category. In one example the target item was cat with a taxonomic match of lion and a thematic alternative of litter box. Therefore the participant had to choose whether lion or litter box was the best match to form a category with cat. Lin and Murphy found contra to previous findings that almost twice as many adults within their study preferred to construct thematic categories even with the presence of taxonomic alternatives. In another series of three studies carried out by Wisniewski and Bassok (1999 [3]), the centre of attention was upon the effects of stimulus compatibility in relation to processing. These studies were designed to follow on from the Bassok and Medin (1997 [3]) study. Wisniewski and Bassok (1999 Experiments 1-3 [3]) focused on how well an item matched with another item in relation to the type of process that was selected by the thinker. In the first experiment, which looked at comparison versus integration, Wisniewski and Bassok varied items in four ways for example 1) taxonomically related and thematically related, 2) neither taxonomically nor thematically related, 3) taxonomically related but not thematically related, 4) thematically but not taxonomically related. Participants were instructed either to provide or not to provide a reason as to why they rated the pairs as being similar. They found that stimulus compatibility had an influence on the particular process selected by the thinker whilst performing a similarity judgment exercise. In addition, Wisniewski and Bassok paid particular attention to the processes of integration and comparison by suggesting that easily alignable items (taxonomic) should invoke the process of comparison where as poorly alignable items (thematic) should increase the chance of items being integrated. Furthermore they found contra to prior opinion that task instructions might not be the over-riding factor responsible for inducing the correct process for the thinker to select. The task required the participant either to provide an explanation or not to provide one whilst considering the similarity within pairs of objects. Participants were often found to integrate thematically related items even though they were instructed to compare for similarity. Where as in an additional (Wisniewski Bassok 1999, Experiment 3 [3]) study participants compared taxonomically related items whilst looking for thematic relatedness. Given that adults use of taxonomic categories has received a lot more research compared to thematic usage amongst adults it has thus been assumed that use of taxonomic categories indicates a more powerful and advanced way of thinking (Markman Callanan, 1983 [2]). A gap seems to exist since the same amount of research has not been committed to the study of adults usage of thematic relations. It may be that thematic relations amongst members within a thematic category might provide a basis for the thinker to extend knowledge to other category members. Lin and Murphy subsequently tested this notion in a series of experiments In essence the evidence discussed within this essay seems to highlight firstly that adults do indeed make use of thematic relations not only within an experimental situation but also in everyday life and secondly the need for more research to be carried out into other areas of adults use of thematic relations in particular social situations. As Markman (1981) suggested people tend to spend less time on cataloguing objects whilst trying to generate taxonomies to which objects belong and more time on organising their experiences. Therefore it might seem reasonable to assume that adults who spend time organising their experiences have an increased expertise within the field of relating experiences (scenarios and events) thematically.

Brightness Falls essays

Brightness Falls essays Jay McInerneys novel Brightness Falls portrays the life of a young middle class couple in pursuit of attaining the American dream in urban America in the 1980s. The novel follows the couple, Russell and Corrine Calloway, as well as their friends in their middle and upper class social circles, as they struggle with such social issues as adultery, drug addiction, ambition, corruption, and failure. McInerney uses literary elements such as setting to develop the novels plot and to portray an accurate social satire on middle and upper class America. The most prominent settings used to depict character conflict and development, moods, and themes are New York, St. Maarten, and the Hamptons. Each of these settings helps define thematic topics and examines the development of each character in relation to their environment. The main setting in Brightness Falls is New York City, where the Calloways live in their small, but fashionable one bedroom apartment. In New York, Corrine works as a stock broker on Wall Street, while Russell works as a publisher for Corbin and Dern. Russell and Corrine are viewed by their friends as the impenetrable golden couple, whos love would never die. However, as the novel progresses their love and trust for each other slowly disintegrates because of the corruption of life in New York City. Corrine and Russell had been married for five years. Theyd known each other eight years before that, having met in college. Their friends viewed them as savvy pioneers of the matrimonial state, as if they had homesteaded one of those formerly marginal areas of the city into which the fashion-conscious were just now beginning to follow. In the years theyd lived in New York, their East Side apartment had become a supper club for their less settled acquaintances, a sort of model unit for those thinking of buying into the neighborhood of matrimony. For the recently conjoined, it was a sa...

How to Implement a Marketing Workflow Management Process in 7 Steps

How to Implement a Marketing Workflow Management Process in 7 Steps The best marketing teams succeed with strong workflow management processes. Defined as a preset order of operations for getting stuff done, they’re essential for getting work right the first time, every time. Workflow management is also indispensable for building efficiencies into processes, so you can spend more time doing meaningful work, and less time feeling frustrated due to procedural roadblocks. In short, they allow you to plan your work, and work your plan. If you don’t have solid workflows in place, you’ve probably experienced the following problems: Disjointed workflows. No one knows who does what, or in which order. Communication breakdowns. And not like the Led Zeppelin song, either. Missed deadlines. Lack of process leads to inefficiency. In turn, that leads to nothing getting done on time. Sounds like a disaster waiting to happen. That’s just a short list of potential issues you could face, too. How to Implement an Effective Marketing Workflow Management Process in 7 Simple Steps byDownload Your Marketing Workflow Management Template Bundle Fixing broken marketing processes isnt always easy. Having the right tools helps though, so this post includes the following free resources: Marketing Project Management Template (Word): Plan the efficient processes that youll execute. Marketing Project Checklist Template (Excel): Ensure every project and campaign gets completed with no missed steps. Marketing Calendar Template (Excel): Map out deadlines and make projects visible across your entire department. Together, this trio of templates will help you get started planning and managing processes that work. Download them below before continuing.Table of Contents: What is a Workflow? Why You Should Plan Marketing Workflows What Are Popular Workflow Management Tools For Marketers? Step 1: Determine How Your Team Will Communicate Step 2: Onboard Your Team Onto a New Tool Step 3: Define Everyone's Responsibilities Step 4: Map Out Task Checklists Step 5: Plan Your Marketing Calendar Step 6: Plan Your Workflow Execution Step 7: Measure Team PerformanceWhat’s a Workflow, Anyway? A lot of places make workflows sound unnecessarily complicated. Benjamin Brandall summed it up well on the Process Street blog: Workflows are the way people get work done, and can be illustrated as series of steps that need to be completed sequentially in a diagram or checklist. This video from PNM Soft offers a further explanation: Workflows are often visualized using charts or diagrams. They can also be as simple as checklists outlining the steps required to complete a task. Here’s an example of a typical content marketing workflow courtesy of Content Marketing Institute: Here’s what a workflow might look like as a checklist: Do This With : You can build workflow checklists (called Task Templates) in , the only marketing suite that helps you organize all of your marketing in one place. See how they work. Why Bother Planning Marketing Workflows? There’s no sense investing time in something that won’t produce a benefit. So, what’s the real benefit to planning out workflows and sticking to them? Here are seven. 1. Increased Efficiency Means Getting More Done If you’re like most marketers, you have too much to do, and not enough time to get it done. Mile-long to-do lists come with the territory. But, sometimes, that work is more achievable than it seems. While it’s easy to blame being overworked for lack of productivity, sometimes the real culprit is an inefficient workflow. By planning out workflows strategically, you can get more done in less time. By planning out workflows strategically, you can get more done in less time.2. They Make Responsibilities Clear to All Team Members How often have you heard someone say, â€Å"I didn’t know I was supposed to get that done†? Or, how often have you said that out loud yourself? It’s time to put a permanent stop to â€Å"not-my-jobism†. When workflows are clearly mapped out, there’s no ambiguity around who is responsible for which tasks and deadlines. You execute or you don’t. The result? Projects get done right the first time with more consistency. When workflows are clearly mapped out, projects get done right the first time with more consistency.3. Reducing the Need for Hand-Holding and Oversight This one is tied into point number two above. When people don’t quite know what to do, they’ll lean on management for guidance. There’s nothing wrong with that, unless they lean a little too hard, to the extent of having no initiative of their own. Workflows make it clear what team members are responsible for, so they don’t have to wonder whether they’re working on the right things. #Marketing workflows make it clear what people are responsible for.4. Building Consistency in Execution Consistency is key to marketing success. It’s a fundamental building block for constructing and executing processes that drive 10X results. But, if you don’t have a consistent set of steps to follow for every type of project, tasks are liable to fall through the cracks. Sometimes, the negative effects are small like a minor editing step gets missed. Other times, the consequences can be dramatically more significant, like a webinar not getting recorded (good luck publishing that recap video †¦ without the video). Sometimes things happen and can’t be prevented. That’s life. But, marketers should always be doing as much as possible to prevent major mishaps. #Marketers should always be doing as much as possible to prevent major mishaps.5. Enables Visibility Across Projects and Teams There’s a lot of value in teams being able to see what other teams or coworkers are doing. It helps achieve the following results: Managers can see what their staff is working on. Everyone can see the completion status of each project. Transparency improves communication. When workflows are mapped out and projects are placed onto a shared calendar, everyone stays in the loop and holds one another accountable. Agile marketing is a great way to increase visibility into your team's workload.   One of key ways to do this is via the daily stand-up. This meeting takes place during the first 15 mins of every work day. To start you gather every member of your team and ask them three questions. What did you do yesterday? What will you do today? What roadblock are you experiencing?   Daily stand-up meetings help managers stay up-to-date about everything their team is working on, and help facilitate better collaboration and communication amongst team members. has a feature called the Team Management Dashboard that is basically a daily stand-up visualized before your very eyes. You can see exactly what everyone on your team is working on for the day, and reshuffle tasks as needed. Recommended Reading: The Best Way to Get Organized With a Content Marketing Editorial Calendar (Free Template) 6. They Make It Easier to See Where Projects Go Wrong So, sometimes things go wrong. It happens. When they do, it’s important to have a retrospective and identify where the breakdown happened, so it doesn’t happen again. When workflows are well-documented, it’s easier to diagnose exactly where issues arise. When workflows are well-documented, it’s easier to diagnose exactly where issues arise.7. Managers Can Get Out of the Weeds Managers often get too involved in their team member’s work because they don’t trust they’ll get everything done. This is often the result of team members not knowing exactly what they should be doing. It’s a vicious and endless loop. Documenting workflows removes ambiguity so teams are empowered to just get their work done. That frees up manager’s time and headspace to focus on more important things. Everyone wins. What Are Popular Workflow Management Tools for Marketers? There are tons of different software options available, although most of them are not made specifically for marketers. Here are some common choices: Trello Asana Wrike Basecamp DID YOU KNOW: Trello, Asana, Wrike, and Basecamp integrate with using Zapier? See how all your project management tools can work together. Step 1. Determine How Your Team Will Communicate Strong team communication requires the right tools. Before getting too far along, assess whether you currently have the best technology to build collaborative workflows. Once you have a tool selected, you might also have other means of communication too, like email or a chat app. So, how do you enforce team members using the right communication tools for the right things? For internal communication and casual conversation, Slack and Stride are great. Honestly, so is good, old-fashioned walking across the office to talk to someone face-to-face. But, when it comes to project-based communication, it’s best to keep everything organized in one place. There’s nothing worse than forgetting a conversation you had last week or losing notes down an email inbox rabbit hole. solves this by building Discussion Threads into projects. This way, you can keep all team correspondence together, passing notes, trading files, and more, all in one place. Create a project on your calendar: Then, click the Contributors icon on the right: Add team members who will be working on this project: Next, use Discussion Threads to converse and collaborate: Step 2: Onboard the Team to Your Tool If you’re selecting a new tool, making sure everyone knows how to use it well is crucial. Most software providers offer training and in-app onboarding assistance. If they don’t, use something else. Even with vendor-provided training and onboarding, it’s also often worthwhile to host your own training sessions. To do this: Find a time on your company’s calendar that works for everyone who will use the tool. Include a short description in the meeting invite explaining what this tool will help the team achieve. Build a short slide presentation outlining how to use the tool. Make yourself available for questions. Taking the time to instruct the team on how to use the new tool, while also communicating why the tool is even necessary, can go a long way toward ensuring everyone is successful. Recommended Reading: Shorten the Learning Curve For Onboarding Your Team Onto (With Reals) Step 3: Define Everyone’s Responsibilities Next, determine each team member’s responsibilities for each type of project you execute regularly. For a content marketing team, this could include: Creating blog posts. Producing videos. Hosting webinars. Delivering email newsletters. Writing website copy. Each of these projects likely involves multiple team members: Writers to craft copy and content. Designers to create visual elements. Marketing specialists to host webinars. Analysts to measure performance and extract insights from data. Project managers to keep everyone on track. So, who does what, exactly? Sometimes, this answer will be obvious. In other cases, it may be less clear. Stick with one task per person to avoid duplication of effort. Start mapping out tasks logically: Writer Content Research Writing Content and Copy Analyzing Copy PerformanceDesigner Creating Blog Graphics Designing Website Graphics Producing Slide DecksStrategist Generating Ideas Directing Strategy Analyzing ResultsProject Manager Assigning Tasks Managing Client Communication Enforcing DeadlinesSEO Keyword Research On-Page Optimization Backlink OutreachThese are some (very) basic examples. Step 4: Map Out Task Checklists This is where you’ll answer the question posed above in more granular detail. For each project, list the following information: The tasks required to complete the project. Who is responsible for getting it done. How long each step should take. For example, here’s what this might look like for a blog post: Generate Ideas: Strategist - Due 21 Days Before Publish Map Ideas to Content Calendar: Strategist - Due 20 Days Before Publish Keyword Research: SEO Specialist - Due 18 Days Before Publish Write Outline: Writer - Due 17 Days Before Publish Finish Draft: Writer - Due 14 Days Before Publish Edit Draft: Manager/Editor - Due 12 Days Before Publish Create Graphics: Designer - 10 Days Before Publish Schedule Social Promotion: Writer/Social Strategist - 8 Days Before Publish Schedule Post to Publish: Editor - 7 Days Before Publish If this workflow is followed consistently, every blog post will be ready to publish a week in advance at a minimum. This allows room to work ahead, rather than scrambling to meet deadlines at the last minute. In , checklists can be built and reused indefinitely using Task Templates. Create a project on your calendar. Then, add each step to your checklist (Task Template): Next, determine who performs each step: Assign deadlines to each task: Here's what the completed template looks like: Now, each time an item is checked off, the completion percentage will increase: How Long Should Tasks Take? This is a good question, but one without an easy answer. The best way to determine how long things take is to track time. Every time a team member works on a task, have them use Toggl to track their time. It's a simple time-tracking app that makes it easy to quantify how long you're spending doing a given thing: Then, track your average completion time for that type of task (the total number of times the task was completed, divided by the sum of time spent on those tasks overall). Consider using a spreadsheet to track your time, adding the following fields pictured below: Step 5: Plan Your Marketing Calendar Use a marketing calendar to keep projects and campaigns organized. Calendars allow you to: Set and manage deadlines. View which projects are coming up. See what other team members are working on. Prioritize work based on how soon which projects need to be completed. Collaborate with your team in one place. Marketing calendars are often built using spreadsheets (like the free Excel template included in this post). A better option, however, is to use purpose-built software. Apps like help teams beat makeshift marketing (using non-marketing tools for marketing tasks) with a solution built for your specific needs. Recommended Reading: Marketing Calendar By : A Centralized View For All Your Marketing Efforts Mapping Projects and Campaigns to Every marketing task, project, and campaign your team works on can be organized on a marketing calendar like . As you add more pieces to the calendar, it'll start to look something like this: Now, if you'd like to make it easier to separate items visually, Color Labels make it easy to color-code projects: If you'd prefer to see your upcoming work in a list, rather than a traditional calendar view, click List View: You'll now see all the items on your calendar in a list: Step 6: Plan Your Execution and Collaboration Next, develop a plan for how the project will be executed. This includes: Determining the team members who will be on the project.   Defining which tools the team will use. Executing the project. Here’s how a blog post could be created using . First, make sure WordPress, your social networks, and email service provider are connected: Write your blog content using Google Docs, Evernote, ’s built-in text editor, or directly in WordPress: As you work through the post, share notes with your team using Discussion Threads. You can also manage version control if you choose to write content using Microsoft Word (or another word processor), attaching and exchanging files: Now, it's possible you'll need to create additional promotional content for social media and email. Add a Social Campaign and create social media promotion: You can now add and schedule social media posts: Next, if you’ll be promoting this blog post with email, add an email campaign on the same day: That’s your entire content creation workflow, managed and automated with . You can build and manage workflows for all other content and projects you execute as well. Step 7: Measure Team Performance How do you know your workflows are effective? By measuring your team’s output and comparing productivity levels to where they were before. ’s Team Performance Reports make it simple to quantify productivity. It tracks how often tasks on Task Templates are checked off on time, and delivers comprehensive reports on who’s getting their work done on time consistently, and who’s falling behind:Recommended Reading: How to Gain Powerful Insights + Improve Your Team's Productivity Master Workflow Management With This post has covered a lot of ground on how to succeed with proper workflow management. It’s also cited as the ideal tool to manage your entire marketing department’s workflows all in one place (though the free templates included will help you get started as well). What if you’re ready to dive in and see how can help you save at least 10 hours per team member a week? Start your free 14-day trial of schedule a demo call with an expert. You’ll be able to get your team up and running, and see exactly how you can overcome makeshift marketing, get organized, and improve the way your marketing department functions.

Critical Book Review - Predictably Irrational - Dan Ariely (2008 or Essay

Critical Book Review - Predictably Irrational - Dan Ariely (2008 or 2009 edn) - Essay Example However, this is not always the case. The book discusses that how cognitive psychology influences the ability of an individual to assess the pros and cons of a given economic situation. Behavioural economics being the focus, the book also develops an interdisciplinary approach and topics such as finance, market and management are explored from time to time. The book has been written by Dan Ariely. He is an Israeli – American professor of behavioural economics and psychology. Ariely is currently appointed as a professor in the Duke University, Department of Economics. He is also a Senior Fellow at the Kenan Institute of the same university. (Duke University, 2010) He has a strong grip of psychology and behavioural economics and hence he is better able to analyze people. His background suggests he has intercultural exposure as he has been brought up in Israel and now he works in USA. I think this helps him to develop a deeper insight of the people’s behaviour. Dan Ariely spent his early life in Israel. As a native Israeli, Ariely was engaged in military service when he was eighteen years old. While at service, a magnesium flare explosion left him severely injured. He had 3rd degree burns almost all over his body, and he had to remain in hospital bed for a long time. During this period of his life, Ariely began to reflect on human behaviour. For example, he wondered why the nurses removed his bandages in the way they did. Were they able to behave according to their intention to relieve him? If not, why? He also noted the behaviour of the other patients around him. It is from here Ariely started his research on irrational behaviour of individuals. The book is well structured and planned. It has thirteen chapters. Some chapters have impressive titles like ‘Power of Price (Why a 50-Cent Aspirin Can Do What a Penny Aspirin Can’t?)’ (Ariely, 2009: p. 173) and ‘The Effect of Expectations (Why the Mind Gets What It Expects?)â€℠¢ (Ariely, 2009: p. 155). These sorts of topics are certainly thought provoking. As the reader looks at the outline of the book, his or her curiosity is increased. The sections in each of Ariely’s chapters tell a story, describe it well and conduct an experiment. Finally, at the end of every chapter, Ariely analyzes the inferences and develops postulates on how the results obtained so far can change a person’s economic behaviour. In the book, the writer has not merely criticized classical economics. He has expressed his concern about behavioural irrationalities too. In the context of the books describing anomalies and irrationalities, there is â€Å"a growing fan base within disciplines outside of economics† (McKenzie, 2009: p. 32). Ariely respects the readers from this fan base and he is tireless to continuously explain his economic views so that the readers from non-economics background can also understand the key concepts. The basic idea of the book (as we fi nd in its 2008 ed. too) delivers a strong blow to the very concept that we can operate a system on the basis of the assumptions that people will always act according to the rational calculus. Cognitive inconsistencies are real factors, and they should be analyzed and reflected on by the academia, government, corporations and policy makers. In practice, economic strategies are actually directed to appeal to emotion, not rational calculus (Thomas, 2008). Further, as reviewed by Doctorow (2010), â€Å"

The Strategic Issue of Newspaper Paywalls Essay

The Strategic Issue of Newspaper Paywalls - Essay Example The Guardian’s lead media blogger Cory Doctorow led the critical analysis in asking three main questions about the dataset as presented by Murdoch’s company. (Doctorow, 2010) â€Å"What sort of purchases are the paid subscribers making?† â€Å"How much do advertisers value the additional information the Times can supply about paying users?† â€Å"What does it cost to get a subscriber?† These questions are important in determining what the paywall and subscriber numbers mean to News Corp’s bottom line profit figures. This experiment with the online subscriber model for news is important to the sector due to the declining revenues and bankruptcy of many traditional newspapers. If News Corp is successful in attracting consumers to its online subscription models, iPad only newspaper, and financial industry news, then it represents a business possibility or even necessity for other newspapers in the sector like the Guardian to follow. Looking at t he actual numbers released by News Corp in their Nov. 2nd, 2010 press release: â€Å"News International today announces that the new digital products for The Times and The Sunday Times have achieved more than 105,000 paid-for customer sales to date. Around half of these are monthly subscribers. These include subscribers to the digital sites as well as subscribers to The Times iPad app and Kindle edition. Many of the rest are either single copy or pay-as-you-go customers. In addition to the digital-only subscribers, there are 100,000 joint digital/print subscribers who have activated their digital accounts to the websites and/or iPad app since launch. As a result, the total paid audience for digital products on The Times and The Sunday Times is close to 200,000 (allowing for some duplication in the digital customer sales number).† (Paid Content, 2010) Felix Salmon adds another aspect of the paywall that may not be immediately evident from this news release, reporting that â₠¬Å"traffic has fallen off a cliff, from 21 million to 2.7 million pageviews per month† for these same sites. (Reuters, 2010) From these statistics, the 200,000 paid subscribers are only viewing on average 10 pages or news articles per month. This does not indicate a strong pattern of readership, but more of the average daily or single-setting news content of a site browser. In analyzing the effect of this, for example, as it relates to the Guardian business plan, it should be noted that by page volume this is approximately a 90% reduction in the number of advertisements served by the website per month. Thus, looking at the issue of paywalls and online newspapers from a strictly profit and loss perspective, the GMG can calculate whether a 90% reduction in advertising revenue would be offset by the savings on server infrastructure with reduced site traffic and the revenues generated by the subscription fees. To put this in context with what the News Corp numbers mean, Dan Sabbag ah of the Guardian reviewed the three different subscription plans represented in the statistics and came up with an estimate: â€Å"the total is ?5.5m a year, gross.† (Sabbagah, 2010) This includes the 1-day subscriptions, the monthly subscriptions, and iPad newspaper subscriptions. In this manner, it could be related that loss of 90% of site traffic and viewership for the newspapers was not worth the minimal

The Economic Institutions of Capitalism Essay Example for Free

The Economic Institutions of Capitalism Essay Abstract: This study is based on the belief that economic organization is shaped by transaction cost economizing decisions. It sets out the basic principles of transaction cost economics, applies the basic arguments to economic institutions, and develops public policy implications. Any issue that arises, or can be recast as a matter of contracting, is usefully examined in terms of transaction costs. Transaction cost economics maintains that governance of contractual relations is mainly achieved through institutions of private ordering instead of legal centralism. This approach is based on behavioral assumptions of bounded rationalism and opportunism, which reflect actual human nature. These assumptions underlie the problem of economic organization: to create contract and governance structures that economize on bounded rationality while safeguarding transactions against the hazards of opportunism. The book first summarizes the transaction cost economics approach to the study of economic organization. It develops the underlying behavioral assumptions and the types of transactions; alternative approaches to the world of contracts are presented. Assuming that firms are best regarded as a governance structure, a comparative institutional approach to the governance of contractual relations is set out. The evidence, theory, and policy of vertical integration are discussed, on the basis that the decision to integrate is paradigmatic to transaction cost analysis. The incentives and bureaucratic limits of internal organization are presented, including the dilemma of why a large firm cant do everything a collection of small firms can do. The economics of organization in presented in terms of transaction costs, showing that hierarchy also serves efficiency and permits a variety of predictions about the organization of work. Efficient labor organization is explored; on the assumption that an authority relation prevails between workers and managers, what governance structure supports will be made in response to various types of job attributes are discussed, and implications for union organization are developed. Considering antitrust ramifications of transaction cost economics, the book summarizes transaction cost issues that arise in the context of contracting, merger, and strategic behavior, and challenges earlier antitrust preoccupation with monopoly. URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496720 The Economic System of Socialism Socialism—defined as a centrally planned economy in which the government controls all means of production—was the tragic failure of the twentieth century. Born of a commitment to remedy the economic and moral defects of capitalism, it has far surpassed capitalism in both economic malfunction and moral cruelty. Yet the idea and the ideal of socialism linger on. Whether socialism in some form will eventually return as a major organizing force in human affairs is unknown, but no one can accurately appraise its prospects who has not taken into account the dramatic story of its rise and fall. The Birth of Socialist Planning It is often thought that the idea of socialism derives from the work of Karl Marx. In fact, Marx wrote only a few pages about socialism, as either a moral or a practical blueprint for society. The true architect of a socialist order was Lenin, who first faced the practical difficulties of organizing an economic system without the driving incentives of profit seeking or the self-generating constraints of competition. Lenin began from the long-standing delusion that economic organization would become less complex once the profit drive and the market mechanism had been dispensed with—â€Å"as self-evident,† he wrote, as â€Å"the extraordinarily simple operations of watching, recording, and issuing receipts, within the reach of anybody who can read and write and knows the first four rules of arithmetic.† In fact, economic life pursued under these first four rules rapidly became so disorganized that within four years of the 1917 revolution, Soviet production had fallen to 14 percent of its prerevolutionary level. By 1921 Lenin was forced to institute the New Economic Policy (NEP), a partial return to the market incentives of capitalism. This brief mixture of socialism and capitalism came to an end in 1927 after Stalin instituted the process of forced collectivization that was to mobilize Russian resources for its leap into industrial power. The system that evolved under Stalin and his successors took the form of a pyramid of command. At its apex was Gosplan, the highest state planning agency, which established such general directives for the economy as the target rate of growth and the allocation of effort between military and civilian outputs, between heavy and light industry, and among various regions. Gosplan transmitted the general directives to successive ministries of industrial and regional planning, whose technical advisers broke down the overall national plan into directives assigned to particular factories, industrial power centers, collective farms, and so on. These thousands of individual subplans were finally scrutinized by the factory managers and engineers who would eventually have to implement them. Thereafter, the blueprint for production reascended the pyramid, together with the suggestions, emendations, and pleas of those who had seen it. Ultimately, a completed plan would be reached by negotiation, voted on by the Supreme Soviet, and passed into law. Thus, the final plan resembled an immense order book, specifying the nuts and bolts, steel girders, grain outputs, tractors, cotton, cardboard, and coal that, in their entirety, constituted the national output. In theory such an order book should enable planners to reconstitute a working economy each year—provided, of course, that the nuts fitted the bolts; the girders were of the right dimensions; the grain output was properly stored; the tractors were operable; and the cotton, cardboard, and coal were of the kinds needed for their manifold uses. But there was a vast and widening gap between theory and practice. Problems Emerge The gap did not appear immediately. In retrospect, we can see that the task facing Lenin and Stalin in the early years was not so much economic as quasi military—mobilizing a peasantry into a workforce to build roads and rail lines, dams and electric grids, steel complexes and tractor factories. This was a formidable assignment, but far less formidable than what would confront socialism fifty years later, when the task was not so much to create enormous undertakings as to create relatively self-contained ones, and to fit all the outputs into a dovetailing whole. Through the 1960s the Soviet economy continued to report strong overall growth—roughly twice that of the United States—but observers began to spot signs of impending trouble. One was the difficulty of specifying outputs in terms that would maximize the well-being of everyone in the economy, not merely the bonuses earned by individual factory managers for â€Å"overfulfilling† their assigned objecti ves. The problem was that the plan specified outputs in physical terms. One consequence was that managers maximized yardages or tonnages of output, not its quality. A famous cartoon in the satirical magazine Krokodil showed a factory manager proudly displaying his record output, a single gigantic nail suspended from a crane. As the economic flow became increasingly clogged and clotted, production took the form of â€Å"stormings† at the end of each quarter or year, when every resource was pressed into use to meet preassigned targets. The same rigid system soon produced expediters, or tolkachi, to arrange shipments to harassed managers who needed unplanned—and therefore unobtainable—inputs to achieve their production goals. Worse, lacking the right to buy their own supplies or to hire or fire their own workers, factories set up fabricating shops, then commissaries, and finally their own worker housing to maintain control over their own small bailiwicks. It is not surprising that this increasingly Byzantine system began to create serious dysfunctions beneath the overall statistics of growth. During the 1960s the Soviet Union became the first industrial country in history to suffer a prolonged peacetime fall in average life expectancy, a symptom of its disastrous misallocation of resources. Military research facilities could get whatever they needed, but hospitals were low on the priority list. By the 1970s the figures clearly indicated a slowing of overall production. By the 1980s the Soviet Union officially acknowledged a near end to growth that was, in reality, an unofficial decline. In 1987 the first official law embodying perestroika—restructuring—was put into effect. President Mikhail Gorbachev announced his intention to revamp the economy from top to bottom by introducing the market, reestablishing private ownership, and opening the system to free economic interchange with the West. Seventy years of socialist rise had come to an end. Socialist Planning in Western Eyes Understanding of the difficulties of central planning was slow to emerge. In the mid-1930s, while the Russian industrialization drive was at full tilt, few raised their voices about its problems. Among those few were ludwig von mises, an articulate and exceedingly argumentative free-market economist, and friedrich hayek, of much more contemplative temperament, later to be awarded a Nobel Prize for his work in monetary theory. Together, Mises and Hayek launched an attack on the feasibility of socialism that seemed at the time unconvincing in its argument as to the functional problems of a planned economy. Mises in particular contended that a socialist system was impossible because there was no way for the planners to acquire the information (see Information and Prices)—â€Å"produce this, not that†Ã¢â‚¬â€needed for a coherent economy. This information, Hayek emphasized, emerged spontaneously in a market system from the rise and fall of prices. A planning system was bound to fail precisely because it lacked such a signaling mechanism. The Mises-Hayek argument met its most formidable counterargument in two brilliant articles by Oskar Lange, a young economist who would become Poland’s first ambassador to the United States after World War II. Lange set out to show that the planners would, in fact, have precisely the same information as that which guided a market economy. The information would be revealed as inventories of goods rose and fell, signaling either that supply was greater than demand or demand was greater than supply. Thus, as planners watched inventory levels, they were also learning which of their administered (i.e., state-dictated) prices were too high and which too low. It only remained, therefore, to adjust prices so that supply and demand balanced, exactly as in the marketplace. Lange’s answer was so simple and clear that many believed the Mises-Hayek argument had been demolished. In fact, we now know that their argument was all too prescient. Ironically, though, Mises and Hayek were right for a reason they did not foresee as clearly as Lange himself. â€Å"The real danger of socialism,† Lange wrote, in italics, â€Å"is that of a bureaucratization of economic life.† But he took away the force of the remark by adding, without italics, â€Å"Unfortunately, we do not see how the same or even greater danger can be averted under monopolistic capitalism† (Lange and Taylor 1938, pp. 109–110). The effects of the â€Å"bureaucratization of economic life† are dramatically related in The Turning Point, a scathing attack on the realities of socialist economic planning by two Soviet economists, Nikolai Smelev and Vladimir Popov, that gives examples of the planning process in actual operation. In 1982, to stimulate the production of gloves from moleskins, the Soviet government raised the price it was willing to pay for moleskins from twenty to fifty kopecks per pelt. Smelev and Popov noted: State purchases increased, and now all the distribution centers are filled with these pelts. Industry is unable to use them all, and they often rot in warehouses before they can be processed. The Ministry of Light Industry has already requested Goskomtsen [the State Committee on Prices] twice to lower prices, but â€Å"the question has not been decided† yet. This is not surprising. Its members are too busy to decide. They have no time: besides setting prices on these pelts, they have to keep track of another 24 million prices. And how can they possibly know how much to lower the price today, so they won’t have to raise it tomorrow? This story speaks volumes about the problem of a centrally planned system. The crucial missing element is not so much â€Å"information,† as Mises and Hayek argued, as it is the motivation to act on information. After all, the inventories of moleskins did tell the planners that their production was at first too low and then too high. What was missing was the willingness—better yet, the necessity—to respond to the signals of changing inventories. A capitalist firm responds to changing prices because failure to do so will cause it to lose money. A socialist ministry ignores changing inventories because bureaucrats learn that doing something is more likely to get them in trouble than doing nothing, unless doing nothing results in absolute disaster. In the late 1980s, absolute economic disaster arrived in the Soviet Union and its Eastern former satellites, and those countries are still trying to construct some form of economic structure that will no longer display the deadly inertia and indifference that have come to be the hallmarks of soc ialism. It is too early to predict whether these efforts will succeed. The main obstacle to real perestroika is the impossibility of creating a working market system without a firm basis of private ownership, and it is clear that the creation of such a basis encounters the opposition of the former state bureaucracy and the hostility of ordinary people who have long been trained to be suspicious of the pursuit of wealth. In the face of such uncertainties, all predictions are foolhardy save one: no quick or easy transition from socialism to some form of nonsocialism is possible. Transformations of such magnitude are historic convulsions, not mere changes in policy. Their completion must be measured in decades or generations, not years. URL: http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Socialism.html The Economy System of Mixed Economy A mixed economy has many of the characteristics of market, command and traditional economies. The United States is a mixed economy because its Constitution protects many of the characteristics of a market economy, including ownership of private property, limitations on government interference, and promoting innovation. However, the Constitution also encourages the government to promote the general welfare. This allows many aspects of a command economy, where needed. In addition, many American traditions still guide economic policy. A mixed economy seeks to have all the advantages of a market, command and traditional economy with little of the disadvantages. Therefore, most mixed economies have three of the six characteristics of the market economy: private property, pricing and individual self-interest. Mixed economies also have a command economy in certain areas. Most allow government to have a command role in areas that safeguard the people and the market itself. This usually inclu des the military, international trade, and national transportation. An increased governmental role depends on the priorities of the people. Many mixed economies also allow centralized planning and even government ownership of key industries, such as aerospace, energy production and even banking. Some mixed economies encourage the government to centrally manage health care, welfare, and retirement programs. In addition, most mixed economies follow traditions that have been so ingrained that they may not even be aware of it. For example, many mixed economies still fund and give some power to royalty or emperors. Most of the worlds major economies are now mixed economies. It would be difficult to avoid, thanks to globalization. A countrys people are best served through international trade oil from Saudi Arabia, consumer products from China, and food from the U.S. As soon as businesses within a country are allowed or even encouraged to export, the government must give up some control to free market forces. Second, the global economy is primarily free-market based. There is very little government control, although some regulations and agreements have been put into place. However, there is no world government today that has the power to override a countrys sovereignty and create a global command economy. URL: http://useconomy.about.com/od/US-Economy-Theory/tp/Mixed-Economy.htm The Economy System of Islamic Economics The way of defining Islamic Economics is to qualify the term modern or conventional economics with Islam. Islam is a religion from Allah SWT through prophet Muhammad SAW to mankind which means the total way of Man kind’s life, that is what ever man does or is going to do must be abided by the Islamic norms and values as well as laws and other rules and regulations(shariah). And conventional economics has best been defined by robbins as science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have an alternative uses. Based on the definitions of the two concepts above, many scholars defined Islamic economics according to their understanding of the concepts. The following are the various definition of Islamic economics from different scholars: 1)Ahmad (1981) defined Islamic economics as a study of human behaviour in their attempts to satisfy needs from the abundant resources whose ultimate aim is to maximise benefit of self and society both in this world and the hereafter. 2)Akram(1983) sees Islamic economics as aims at the study human falah achieved by organising the resources of earth on the basis of cooperation and participation. 3)Hasnuzzaman(1984) defined Islamic economics as the knowledge and application of injunctions and rules of shariah that prevent injustice in the acquisition and disposal of material resources in order to provide satisfaction to human beings and enable them to perform their obligations to Allah and the society. 4)Mannan (1986) defines as studies of a social science in the economic problems of people to fill with the values of Islam. 5)S.M Ghazali Wafa et al (2002) defines as all human activities to use the sources which follow the law to perform their obligations to Allah. Observing the above definitions Islamic economics is the some part of conventional economics plus morals, norms and values of Islam, it covers a lot of micro and macro concepts of conventional economics like ownerships, rights to produce or create, what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce, others include equity, returns on investments, development projects, stability in the value of money, broad base economic well being with full employment, optimum rate of economic growth, joint ventures, fiscaland monetary policies, etc . However Islamic economics ejected injustice, enforced the prohibition of interest (riba), hoarding etc. And also promote the determination of the level of individual liberty, recognition the right of property, controlling the economic inequality within the natural limits, maintaining the equality of social life, and social security. It however prohibits the wider circulation of wealth, and recognizes social and individual welfare. In conclusion, Islamic economics is designed for economy to contribute richly on the achievement of the major socio-economic goals of the society. Prof. Tariq is very talented and eloquent lecturer, in this lecture he pinpoint the following: 1.Muslims are of full of potentials 2.Universality in time and space in Islam 3.Changes and faithful 4.Things we shouldn’t confused: a)Relationship between text and context b)Difference between principles and models c)Rules and ways d)Rules and meaning. 5.Difference between adaptation and transformation vision beyond reality. 6.Dealing with rejection and projection 7.Thinking of what to produce and how to produce of halal goods to match the competition with western products. The above are the lessons we learnt from the lecture, therefore those points are what I am going use and see how Islamic economics can be developed. Firstly, the muslims are of full potentials this so because muslims economics thinkers and economist tried and developed the Islamic economics concept and its now a discipline accepted worldwide, so the other muslim economist should start striving and explore their potentials in developing Islamic economics worldwide. Secondly universality in time and space in Islam, this means mind should be active to make changes in diversity, that is Islamic economic thinkers should have active mind and develop as many theories and models as they can in the time of the their life and places they are living , their universality of Islam should be use to manage diversities, manage changeable dimensions and new challenges with the view of developing Islamic economics. Thirdly those things that we shouldn’t confused in the improvement of Islamic economics development is text and context should be clearly differentiated ,that is the context in the text of Quran, hadith and fiqh are vividly understood before applying it into the economic theory or model. The difference between principles and models should be understood by Islamic economics ulamas, where principles are universal in nature and models are historical in nature we shouldn’t confused those in developing anything in Islamic economics. The next is the rules and ways, in Islam rules are in Quran and Sunnah (shariah) then the interpretation of ulamas on some concept and issues that are not clearly interpreted in the Quran and hadith and ways are how those rules are being followed with a light of vision, those must be considered and improvement in Islamic economics will be achieved. The last one is different between rules and meanings, dealing with rules will come to a point where rules forget the meanings so this must be taken into consideration for improvement of Islamic economics. Fourthly is the difference between adaptation and transformation that is transformation is the visionary change beyond reality in a society and adaptation is transferring the idea of other society into the society, Islamic economics should be a transformation of conventional economics not adaptation. Lastly is the thinking of what to produce and how to produce of consumable goods(halal) to match the competition with western products, professionals in Islamic economics should continue with the introduction of products which will substitute haram goods and services that muslims are always consuming , this will tremendously improve Islamic economics development.

Liposuction Essay -- essays research papers

Liposuction is the most popular cosmetic procedure in the United States. It came to North America in 1982. At first, the doctors used it on thighs, buttocks, and the torso. Now it can be used almost all over the body. The number of liposuctions performed increased by 386 percent from 1992 to 2000. More than 350,000 liposuctions were performed in 2000. Women aren’t the only ones worried about their looks. Last year more than 99,000 men signed up for liposuction and other cosmetic procedures. The most controversial category of new patients is teenagers. Last year, 1,645 teenagers 18 years old and younger had liposuction. The best candidates fro liposuction are normal-weight people with firm, elastic skin. They should be physically and mentally healthy, with realistic expectations. It can help obese people, but it has a much higher risk of complications when more fat is suctioned out. There are two types of liposuction. The first type is the tumescent technique. First they use local anesthetics to numb the area, unless it’s a large area, then they might use a general anesthetic. They put a saline containing solution with anesthetic to reduce swelling and bruising after the surgery. Through a tiny incision, a narrow tube is inserted and used to vacuum the fat layer that’s deep beneath the skin. The tube is quickly pushed and pulled through the fat layer, breaking up the fat cells and suctioning them out. Fluid is lost along with the fat, and it’s crucial that this fluid be replaced during the procedure to prevent shock. Because of this, patients need to be carefully watched and receive fluids. The other type of liposuction is ultrasound-assisted liposuction. The doctors use a heated probe that produces vibrations. The energy it produces causes the patient’s fat cells to rupture, spilling out their oily content. Then the doctors suction out the oil. After the surgery, the patient will experience fluid drainage from the incisions. The patient will also be fitted with a compression garment to prevent swelling and blood clots. The doctor may also prescribe antibiotics to prevent infections.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liposuction is a costly procedure. It can cost anywhere from 2,650 to 9,100 dollars. It’s not usually covered by insurance, so patients have to pay full cost. Liposuction is an estimated 700 million dollar a year business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...actions. The following is an example of a liposuction fatality. A mother’s death. No one knows better the Edward Mondeck and his two children, ages nine and eleven. Two years ago, Mondeck’s wife, Rosemarie, 39, decided to have a bit of tummy fat removed with a new procedure called tumescent liposuction. Typically, patients are primed just prior to surgery by injecting large amounts of extremely diluted local anesthetic and epinephrine, a drug that shrinks the capillaries, which reduces bleeding and, many practitioners say, makes it easier to suck out the fat. According to Mondeck and his lawyer, after the drugs were injected, Rosemarie went into cardiac arrest and died. Mondeck sued, and an undisclosed settlement was reached out of court. A lawyer for the physician involved declined to â€Å"get into the issues of the case† because of privacy concerns. â€Å"It was supposed to be a touch-up procedure,† says Mondeck. â€Å"All she had was a fatty area above her bellybutton.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That was just one of many. Judy Fernandes was just 47 years old. She spent ten hours on the table and died. Lisa Marinelli was just 23 years old. She died of a blood clot the day after surgery.

Frenemies Script

Cast Bella Thorne – Rose Zendaya – Selena Stefanie Scott – Chloe Mary Mouser- Kimberly/ Brooke Nick Robinson- Jake Murray- Lucky Everyone is at school. Kimberly and Brooke are in Social Studies. Kimberly: â€Å"Don’t you think this class is boring? † Brooke: â€Å"No, I like learning about different countries! † Kimberly: â€Å"Whatever. † Brittney and her boyfriend are talking and trying to figure out how she’s going to go to a party on Saturday after her mom said no. Brittney: â€Å"Babe, can’t we just sneak out? †Boyfriend: â€Å"Alright, pick you up at 8. † Brittney: â€Å" Yay, see you later. Rose and Selena are talking about ways they can improve their fashion blog. Rose: â€Å"How about †¦ adding pink on everything? † Selena: â€Å"No, that’ll be too much. Oh, how about adding a little bit of geeky flavor? † Rose: *Talking sarcastic* â€Å"Great idea and we can call it smar ty pants! † Selena: â€Å"Okay, how about we finish tomorrow? † Rose: â€Å"Alright. See You Later. † School is over and Jake and his friend Lucky are at home relaxing. Jake: â€Å"Hey boy!How was your day? † Lucky: â€Å"Woof, Woof! † Jake: â€Å"Yes, I did have a good day. Thank you for asking! † Kimberly and Brooke are at home studying. Brooke: â€Å"Don’t you just love Math? † Kimberly: â€Å"Not really, I don’t like it, I hate it! † Brooke: â€Å"Cheer up, it’s only twenty questions. † Kimberly: â€Å"Ugh! I’m bored, let’s call Rose and Selena. † Brooke: â€Å"Alright† The phone rings and Rose and Selena answer. Rose and Selena in unison: â€Å"Hello? † Kimberly: â€Å"Hey Rose. † Brooke: â€Å"Hey Selena. † Rose and Selena in unison: â€Å"Hey. †Kimberly: â€Å"So did you guys figure something out for your blog? † Rose: â€Å"Not re ally, we can’t think of anything. † Brooke: â€Å"Do you want me to help? † Selena: â€Å"Umm, no thank you! † The next day, all 7 friends are at school. They are sitting at the lunch table eating. Kimberly: â€Å"So Brittney, what are you and your boyfriend going to do since you can’t go to that party? † Brittney: â€Å"We’re going to sneak out and come back before she comes home. † Brooke: â€Å"What if she comes back early? † Brittney: â€Å"Don’t worry, she never comes home early.So Rose and Selena, are you guys still working on your blog? † Rose: â€Å"Yes, we can’t figure out what to do! † Selena: â€Å"Exactly! † The bell rings. That means lunch is over. Brittney: â€Å"There goes my boyfriend, later guys! † Rose: â€Å"We have to run too! † Selena: â€Å"Yeah. † Jake: â€Å"See you guys later! † Kimberly: â€Å"Bye! Come on Brooke, or we’ll be late. † Brooke: â€Å"Not if we run! † Kimberly: â€Å"Ugh! † Brooke: â€Å"Oh how I love school! † Rose and Selena are at Rose’s house for their sleepover they have every weekend.Rose: â€Å"We have never been stuck on a situation before. † Selena: â€Å"Yeah! We got to get it together! † Rose: â€Å"Right after this beauty sleep. † Selena: â€Å"Absolutely. † They both lay down to take their beauty rest until Selena pops up from hers. Selena: â€Å"I got it! Rose wake up! I figured it out! † Rose: *Speaking tiredly* â€Å"Figured what out? † Selena: â€Å"Our blog! † Rose: *Still speaking tiredly* â€Å"Yay. †*Goes back to sleep, then quickly wakes back up and starts talking excitedly* â€Å"Wait you Did? † Selena: â€Å"Yeah! † To Be Continued.

Masque of the Red Death By Edgar Allen Poe

Edgar Allen Poe â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† 1) What does each color in each room mean? These colors represent the seven deadly sins which are laziness, lust, gluttony, greed, pride, anger, and covetousness. The colors can also represent the seven stages of man starting from birth, toddler age, childhood, teen age, middle age, old age, and lastly death. Blue is birth, Purple is royalty and power, Green is growth and life, Orange is destruction, White is purity, Violet is knowledge and memory, and Black is death. ) Why do you think Poe arranged the apartments in this manner? The way Prince Prospero arranged the rooms is very peculiar. He did it from east to west according from when the sun would rise to when it would set. When the sun would rise it would mean birth and when it would set death. Just like the rooms blue was on the east so it would mean birth and black being on the west meaning death. 3) What do the colors add to the suspense in the story?The colors add cert ain suspense to the story because we do not have a meaning to them. They give you a mysterious out look towards what can happen next. We obviously have the idea that the black room means death and that someone will eventually die. 4) What does the ebony clock represent and what in the story leads you to this conclusion? It represents every hour that they live past the Red Death or until it comes since they cannot escape it. The fact that the clock is ebony meaning black it symbolizes the color of death.So we can come to the conclusion that sooner or later someone is going to die. 5) Why does the ebony clock reflect Poe’s personal life? It reflects his personal life because Poe had a lot of deaths happen in his life, starting with his parents when he was young. These deaths were all related because at that time tuberculosis was the main cause of death. Reading his biography we soon see that all his loved ones died from tuberculosis. Although it is not clear of what he died fro m.

A Sixteen-Year-Old Female Athlete Case Study †Health Paper

A Sixteen-Year-Old Female Athlete Case Study – Health Paper Free Online Research Papers A Sixteen-Year-Old Female Athlete Case Study Health Paper A sixteen-year-old female athlete presents complaining of a gradual reduction in form. In addition, the athlete appears to be susceptible to infections and has had numerous colds and episodes of lethargy. She says she is finding it harder and harder to train and you suspect that she might be suffering from overtraining. Overtraining syndrome is a serious problem with features of decreased performance; increased fatigue, persistent muscle soreness, mood disturbances, and feeling burnt out or stale. The diagnosis of overtraining is usually complicated, there are no exact diagnostic criteria, and physicians must rule out other diseases before the diagnosis can be made. Further studies are needed to find a reliable diagnostic test and determine if proposed aids to speed recovery will be effective. Unlike with diagnoses of most diseases, physicians have no exact criteria for the overtraining state. The diagnosis is based on three points: (1) patient history, (2) carefully ruling out other diseases, and (3) laboratory findings. History taking includes a careful account of symptoms and signs. Changes in training regimen are of utmost importance. Performance decrement with an increased feeling of fatigue (subjective and objective evaluation) is the main sign of overtraining. The history of running nose, generalise aching and coughing suggest post-viral infection. History of repeated vomiting or induction of vomiting by stimulating of through suggested the possibility of anorexia nervosa. The overtraining state can only be diagnosed after clinical examination has ruled out other conditions. Diseases such as Addisons disease, anemia and other nutritional deficiencies, asthma and allergies, cardiac diseases (e.g., hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), diabetes or glucose intolerance, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, infections, muscle diseases, and psychiatric disorders can mimic overtraining. Laboratory tests for differential diagnosis and laboratory findings that can be connected to decreased performance capacity are helpful. Several laboratory parameters have been proposed to indicate an impending or actual overtraining state: a decrease in testosterone and increase in cortisol concentration, or a decrease in their ratio; decrease in nocturnal catecholamines; changes in catecholamine concentration in blood during rest and after exercise; decrease in maximal blood lactate concentration; decrease in plasma glutamine concentration; increase in uric acid and creatine kinase concentrations (reflecting overload at the muscle level); decrease in the ratio of blood lactate concentration to ratings of perceived exertion; changes in morning heart rate; and changes in initial heart rate response to orthostatic stress. Laboratory Tests for the Differential Diagnosis of the Overtraining State General assessment Complete blood picture, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Blood glucose Sodium, potassium, calcium Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase Assessment of anaemia (nutritional problem) Ferritin Transferrin, albumin Creatine kinase Cortisol and testosterone (free testosterone) Hormonal assessment Thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone Estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (stimulation test) Catecholamines (urine) and catecholamine metabolites Infection assessment to eliminate the possibility of post-viral syndrome. Differential leukocyte count Immunoglobulin (IgE) Assessment of serious metabolic disorders Magnesium, zinc Further specific examinations if needed If there is no disease found, we can assume that the athlete is suffering from overtraining syndrome. The best treatment for the overtraining syndrome is prevention. Tapering the training regimen combined with rest, proper nutrition, and sleep help the body heal. Recognition and treatment of depression is important. Therapies such as massage and sauna baths can speed recovery. Periodization of training with enough recovery should prevent overtraining. Periodization means that correct loads of training stimuli are administered followed by adequate recovery periods. The training and recovery time should be individualized since different persons have his/her individual conditions. Through the one year, the training can be divided into phases of training emphasis called macrocycles. Each training week is called a microcycle (microcycles can be also longerup to 10 days), and each microcycle includes both strenuous and recovery days in an appropriate proportion. Three or 4 microcycles compose a mezzocycle. Each mezzocycle consists of 2 to 3 microcycles with higher training loads and 1 recovery microcycle. Macrocycles with different training regimens can be classified as preparation, precompetition, competition, and tapering; all preparing for optimal performance in competition. As noted before, careful follow-up of athletes subjective feelings and some objective parameters are also an important part of prevention. If the overtraining state persists in spite of all efforts to prevent it, effective treatment is needed. The best treatment is to rest and avoid sport activities for approximately 2 weeks. After the resting period, the patient can start light training. Athletes should try different sports, like swimming, ball games, cycling etc. Training should progress very slowly, with the pace determined by carefully listening to the patients feelings. Psychological state of athletes is also important; athletes should forget the past and concentrate on the future. Otherwise, they can easily start comparing their performance and feelings to the time before the overtraining state, inducing a neurotic attempt to recapture the previous feeling. This can delay recovery and highlights the huge role of psychological factors in recovery. Professional psychological help is sometimes recommended for athletes who are seeking to overcome an overtraining problem. Depression is one of the biggest psychological problems among overtrained athletes, and differentiation between primary depression and overtraining with secondary depression is difficult. Training history, discussions with coaches and other athletes, and a family history can help clarify this question. Adequate nutrition is one of the most important background factors behind a positive training effect and is also very important for overtrained athletes. If the diet is balanced, additional supplements and nutritional modifications have not been proven to speed recovery. The most common deficiency, especially in female endurance athletes, is iron. Zinc, magnesium, and calcium deficiencies have also been reported in endurance athletes, especially those who deliberately restrict their diets. In those cases, supplementation is needed. Adequate sleep is important during recovery. All additional stressors should be minimized. Traveling can increase tiredness, but in some cases, changing the environment and finding new hobbies can be good for recovery. Increased sexual activity may aid a recovering athlete, as it relaxes and modulates neurotransmitters beneficiently. 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